With the assistance of caspase-3, EVs containing CD40L bind with homologous receptors expressed on macrophages, thus promoting M1 macrophage polarization in ALD.122 Similarly, HSP90 in EVs also contributes to the activation of macrophages in ALD.123 Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA)-enriched EVs contribute to the recruitment of neutrophils via TLR9,59 while activation of ASK1 and p38MAPKα plays an important role in controlling the release of mtDNA-enriched EVs in ALD.60 EVs containing mtDNA also stimulate the production of IL-17 via TLR3 after alcohol treatment.80 This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and alcohol dependence.