Intestinal antimicrobial molecules are dysregulated following chronic alcohol feeding, contributing to enteric microbiome changes and to ASH.30 The early hypotheses regarding ALD were focused on elevations in blood LPS levels in both ALD patients and animal ALD models and more importantly, on the strong correlations between LPS levels and the severity of ALD (e.g., the levels are much higher in the alcoholic cirrhosis stage than in other stages of ALD).31 Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on KCs is one of the direct interacting targets of LPS. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is alcoholic liver cirrhosis.