Reducing Th17 cell numbers in the gut can reduce liver damage,105 but Th17 cells may also secrete IL17 to promote liver damage repair.106 In addition, a recent study has indicated that IL-17A is produced mainly by γδ T cells after ethanol bingeing, while IL-17A is produced mainly by CD4+ T cells in mice after acute or chronic alcohol consumption.107 Interestingly, the ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde has been shown to inhibit T-cell glucose metabolism and functions, which may contribute to increased incidences of bacterial infection in individuals with alcoholism.108. This evidence concerns the gene IL17A and alcohol dependence.