Recurrent mutations (defined as a mutational frequency of >5%) in HCC are associated with the following pathways: telomere maintenance, Wnt/β-catenin, TP53/cell cycle, oxidative stress response, epigenetic regulation and chromatic remodeling, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Ras/Raf/MAPK19,82–84. Here, TP53 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.