Approximately 15–33% of HCC patients carry activating mutations in β-catenin (CTNNB1)91,92, and 17% carry inactivating mutations in Axin1 (AXIN1; 11–15%) or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC; 1–2%)19,83,93. Here, AXIN1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.