TNF and Chagas disease: Pre-clinical and clinical studies show that depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors are common in Chagas disease (Table 1), which essentially differs from sickness behavior, a natural physiological response triggered by tissue trauma or infection and coordinated by the immune system via peripheral release of cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, which aims at restoring homeostasis by adjusting the body’s priorities to eradicate the pathogen.