Accumulating evidence show that PD-L1 on the membrane of cancer-derived EVs contributes to immune evasion and is associated with anti-PD-1 response.56 57 Indeed, we demonstrated that EVs carrying PD-L1 from OSCC cells can induce the production of IFN and IL-6 from macrophages and inhibit T-cell activity. The gene discussed is IFNA1; the disease is cancer.