Inflammatory cytokines and signaling pathways, such as NF-κB and TGF-β, are activated by ROS, which is linked to infectious diseases and cancer progression.4–6 Second, mitochondria orchestrate signaling and effector functions to activate immune cells and antimicrobial defense.7 Microbial signs of infection are detected by cells by pattern recognition receptors to initiate innate immune and inflammatory cascades. Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.