Furthermore, some SP proteins appear to be able to predict sperm recovery in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia or assisted reproductive technique outcome (e.g.,extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1), testis-expressed sequence 101 (TEX101), lectingalactoside-binding and soluble 3 binding protein (LGALS3BP) and, therefore, the SP proteome can help in the decision-making during the diagnosis or treatment, as reviewed in Cannarella et al., 2020 [21]. This evidence concerns the gene ECM1 and Azoospermia.