MAPK8 and cancer: Patchouli alcohol presented anticancer effect by inhibiting of histone deacetylases (HDAC) activity and c-myc expression to activate p21 and downregulate cyclin D1 and cdk4, resulting in cell growth arrest and apoptosis on colon cancer [52]; it induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by blocking phosphorylation of EGFR pathways, activating JNK pathways and activating p53/p21 pathway to affect cyclin E and cdk2 complex in A549 cancer cells in vitro and in vivo [53].