PLN and heart failure: Table 2 lists some important early stage biomarkers of CVDs. With these biomarkers, biological mechanisms of CVDs can be better understood, and the prognoses of CVDs can be improved. For instance, Ceholski et al. have reported that lethal dilated cardiomyopathy and heart failure can be detected by a dominant Arg->Cys mutation at residue 9 in the phospholamban gene (PLN-R9C) [61].