IFIH1 and viral infectious disease: This is reminiscent of the central role that dsRNA released from the mitochondria plays in mammalian antiviral response pathways: During a viral infection, mitochondrial disruption by MAVS and other mitochondrial-associated viral immunity factors releases mitochondrial dsRNA and DNA to the cytosol, where dsRNAs trigger an MDA5-dependent interferon response [25,26], and DNA via cGAS and Sting activate NF-κB immune signaling [27].