Increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF, and IFN-γ) have been observed in postmortem brains and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients (Mogi et al., 1994a, b), moreover, the blood serum of PD patients also showed increased concentration of inflammatory cytokines (including IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; Reale et al., 2009). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and Parkinson disease.