TNF and bacterial infectious disease: Based on the data obtained from the hospital, it is recommended that blind or inappropriate use of antibiotics should be avoided, particularly the broad-spectrum antibiotics, because their use may be associated with the inflammatory storm in the absence of bacterial infections via the direct stimulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, etc.)and indirectly by inducing Toll-like receptor 4 expression and gut endotoxins production leading to endotoxemia (resulting in the upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines) (6–8).