TNF and COVID-19: Most of the patients with the severe form of COVID-19 have higher serum levels of various inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP1α)(5, 6) .