TNF and obesity disorder: In particular interleukin-6 levels and type 2 inflammation have been shown to be increased in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome, along with abnormal secretion of adipokines and cytokines such as interferon and TNF-a in individuals with abdominal obesity (Huttunen and Syrjänen, 2013; Peters et al., 2016; Zhang et al., 2017).