FOS and bacterial urinary tract infection: Despite this limitation, it could be speculated that ceftazidime–avibactam would have been effective against our isolates in the absence of coproduction of NDM-type carbapenemases, and fosfomycin would have been a suitable option for uncomplicated ESBL lower UTI caused by E. coli in the absence of other resistance mechanisms, as all isolates recovered from clinical specimens lacked fos genes (Cattoir and Guérin, 2018; Peirano and Pitout, 2019).