IFNG and atherosclerosis: PCSK9 has been shown to promote inflammation in atherosclerosis through TLR4/NF-κB pathway and increase macrophage release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), C-X-C motif ligand 2, and Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (Tang et al., 2017; Ricci et al., 2018; Macchi et al., 2019).