Several phosphatases are known to dephosphorylate MAP kinases (DUSP1, DUSP2, DUSP5, and DUSP8), transcriptional repressors associated with cell differentiation (HESX1, ETV3), and NF-κB inhibitors (NFKBIA, NFKBID) were found to be upregulated in IFNhigh SLE patients (Supplementary Fig. 5b–d). Here, HESX1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.