Common ISGs (MX1, XAF1, IFI44, RSAD2) were found to be upregulated in the majority of pDCs in IFNhigh SLE patients and At-Risk individuals, whilst pDCs of IFNlow SLE patients showed similar expression levels to those of healthy controls (Fig. 5c). Here, IFI44 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.