Compared to the E. coli controls, C. coli-infected IL-10−/− mice displayed elevated levels of innate immune cells, such as macrophages and monocytes, which also held true for adaptive immune cells populations, including T and B lymphocytes, which were lower in the TLR4−/− IL-10−/− cohort at day 28 p.i. These results are supported by our previous studies showing TLR4-dependent immune cell responses upon infection with C. jejuni 81-176 in the same murine model of infection [17], as well as in secondary abiotic wildtype mice [16,17]. Here, TLR4 is linked to infection.