HSPG2 and colon adenocarcinoma: For the detailed mechanism, our group has previously suggested that COS-provoked AMPK activation in human colonic adenocarcinoma T84 cells is associated with calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria through the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR)-phospholipase C (PLC)-inositol triphosphate (IP3) receptor channel pathway, as well as with the assembly of epithelial tight junctions mediated by extracellular calcium [32].