DPP4 and nasopharyngitis: In a meta-analysis of safety and efficacy of incretin-based therapies, DPP4 inhibitor use was associated with an increased risk of infection with RR 1.2 (95% CI 1.0, 1.4) for nasopharyngitis and 1.5 (95% CI 1.0, 2.2) for urinary tract infection (UTI) compared to placebo or active comparators [130].