CXCR4 and malignant colon neoplasm: In SW480 colon cancer cells, GA treatment inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion by stimulating adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and decreasing the expression of invasion-associated proteins such as matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), and urinary-type plasminogen activator (uPA) [48].