GSR and rheumatoid arthritis: RA has been associated with oxidative stress, a pathologic status on which reactive oxygen species (ROS) increases over time, either by their increased production, the reduction in antioxidant defenses (mainly exemplified by enzymes such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and thioredoxin reductase), or through the arrangement of both eventually involving compromise in the redox signaling.