Thus, Petrackova A. et al. analyzed in PBMCs a gene signature of the innate immune system including Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and key members of the interleukin (IL)1/IL1R and CXCL8/IL8 families in 36 active RA patients, 28 active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients and 22 active systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients [112]. Here, IL1R1 is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.