Of proteins in LLC1 secretome profiling (Figure 3A,C,D and Table 1), the PNS could be attributed to growth factor-induced pathogenic development, complement proteins trapped in the kidney that trigger a disordered immune reaction, cytokine-stimulated inflammation, immune cell-attacked tumor antigens that are secreted by tumor cells and accumulated in glomeruli or renal tubules, or ECM-associated protein deposited in renal interstitial and glomeruli to direct nephropathy in the kidney (Figure 7F). Here, VTN is linked to kidney disorder.