TGFB1 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: In fact, many highly invasive carcinoma cells, i.e., the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell line, Panc1, and triple-negative breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231, secrete TGFβs, primarily TGFβ1, and display autocrine stimulation [2,6,7] which is believed to promote their growth, survival, invasion and eventually metastasis.