NFKB1 and cholangiocarcinoma: Indeed, metastasis and invasion are processes associated with TRAIL treatment and are shown to be dependent on the NF-κB pathway.67 In human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines, TRAIL promotes cell migration and invasion under the control of the NF-κB-dependent pathway.68 As cancer progression can be initiated through the induction of EMT, involving different cell differentiation steps, it is important to better understand the molecular mechanisms leading to the acquisition of heterogenous EMT features upon death receptor engagement, which have a further impact on the cell response (Fig. 1).