They not only regulate the expression of pro- or anti-apoptotic proteins, but also those of ABC transporter genes.56 Moreover, signals that induce EMT such as TGF-β could modulate the response of cancer cells to anticancer drugs (as with endogenous antimitotic signals) by cytokinesis failure, a heritable mechanism that leads to genomic instability.57 The dual role of TGF-β is applied in this context and can lead to opposite effects, depending on the cancer mutations and the model studied. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.