Targeting mesenchymal cancer cells by displaying stem cell characteristics with TRAIL has been proposed to reduce resistance in different cancers, such as squamous and adenocarcinoma lung cancer.99 This association is emerging in other pathologies such as biliary atresia, a common viral-dependent cholangiopathy where EMT has been shown to block biliary innate immune response via TRAIL-mediated apoptosis100,101 or in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, where HBV may activate in certain conditions an EMT-like state that is ER-stress dependent.102. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF10 and lung carcinoma.