IFNB1 and systemic lupus erythematosus: As reference datasets, we used (i) scRNA-seq data of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from eight lupus patients measured before and after 6 h-treatment with IFN-β (16 samples in total)20, where cells were already annotated into various immune subpopulations; and, (ii) single-nuclei RNA-seq data of brain cortex tissue from eight mice split into a vehicle and LPS treatment group.