Moreover, the brains of these mice revealed meningitis hallmarks including meningeal thickening and leukocyte accumulation in the meninges compared with saline-injected control mice (Supplementary Fig. 6c), as identified by co-staining for macrophages (CD68, pan-macrophage marker) and microglia (Iba-1, microglia/macrophage marker). Here, AIF1 is linked to infectious meningitis.