ACE2 and acute kidney injury: Although the etiology of coronavirus-associated AKI is likely to be multifactorial, all three coronaviruses can directly invade renal cells through hijacking native surface receptors: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) serves as a receptor for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 [9,10], while MERS-CoV enters target cells via binding to dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 (DDP4) [11].