CTLA4 and cancer: In conclusion, the notion of blocking the interactions between the immune checkpoint receptor (PD-1 and CTLA-4) and its ligand (PD-L1/PD-L2 and CD80/CD86, respectively) to reinvigorate the immune system to attack cancer cells, led to the development of anit-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, which is discussed further in Section 4 (Figure 2).