INS and diabetes mellitus: In addition, T1D and other insulinopenic states that require insulin for acceptable glycemic control (e.g., late-stage T2D, ketosis-prone diabetes, “double diabetes” (with features of both T1D and T2D), latent autoimmune diabetes of adults, postpancreatectomy or other secondary diabetes states, fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes, and COVID-19-related diabetes) prioritize management for close synchronization between carbohydrate intake and insulinization, with chronic hyperglycemia leading to microvascular complications [70].