TARDBP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Mutations in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) binding protein TDP-43, which disrupt autophagy by production of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies [94], results in increased levels of phosphoenolpyruvate and pyruvate in Drosophila models of ALS and a concomitant decrease in the pentose phosphate metabolite ribulose.