INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The malfunctioning of these lipoproteins (carriers) has been attributed to the poor management of T2DM, with less than 50% of patients having a normal glucose level reported in developed countries and less than 10% having normal lipid, blood pressure, and glucose levels worldwide [8,17], which is in line with the data collected in South Africa revealing that 67% of patients have glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) greater than 7% and that insulin therapy has a short-term positive effect in T2DM, but a longer effect in T1DM [8].