In an another report, exosomes released from gastric cancer cells induced nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation in macrophages and led to secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-)α, interleukin 6 (IL-6), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 CCL-2, which in turn increased proliferation and migration of gastric cancer cells [49]. Here, TNF is linked to gastric cancer.