In AD, Aβ is recognised by TLR2 and TLR4 on microglia [225,226] and in the classical TLR pathway, ligand binding culminates in the expression of pro-inflammatory genes including genes encoding IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, iNOS, and COX2, driven by the transcription factor NF-κB [214]. Here, TNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.