In particular, protein carbonylation—measured by total levels of carbonyl group formation and both hydroxy-4-nonenal-(HNE) and malondialdehyde (MDA)-protein adducts—as well as protein tyrosine nitration are aberrantly high in muscles of cancer-bearing rats with late-stage cachexia, but levels of antioxidant enzymes such as Mn-SOD, catalase, and heme oxygenase-1 (i.e., HO-1) did not change in muscles [98]. Here, HMOX1 is linked to cancer.