In transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)- [86], TNFα-induced muscle atrophy [87], or even in animal models of CC [88] or genetically modified animals displaying muscle wasting (i.e., skeletal muscle-specific transforming growth factor-β activated kinase 1 or Tak1-KO mice [89]), increased ROS levels divert muscle fibers towards enhanced protein degradation, leading to muscle loss [90]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is cholangiocarcinoma.