IL1B and pulmonary arterial hypertension: miR-340-5p was shown to be downregulated after acute pulmonary embolism and its overexpression in vivo prevented the development of PAH in a rat model of embolism through direct targeting of both interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and subsequent activation of nuclear factor κβ (NF-κβ) in PASCMs [181].