Analyzing 249 patients with different types of cancer (melanoma, lung, kidney, and bladder) treated with PD-1/PDL-1 inhibitors, 69 of whom have taken antibiotics for non-cancer-related reasons within a time period close to the study, they reported that patients who had antibiotics previously have shown a general reduction in therapeutic response to PD-1/PDL-1 and consequently a minor PFS and OS, thus confirming how intestinal dysbiosis can affect the clinical efficacy of ICIs [36]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and cancer.