Since it has been convincingly established in humans and rodent models that chronic Hp infection elicits proinflammatory Th1/Th17 immune responses that lead to various types of gastric diseases in a subset of infected populations, it is plausible that co-infection with Hp strains may promote IBD in a subset of IBD patients, particularly those that are colonized with selected EHS [36]. Here, HP is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.