TNF and diabetes mellitus: reported that an increase of 37.4% (95%CI: 2.0%, 85.0%) in IL-6, 19.9% (95%CI: 5.3%, 36.4%) in IL-8 and 27.8% (95%CI: 10.0%, 48.4%) in TNF-α per 0.36 μg/m3 exposure to black carbon at lag 4 day among patients with diabetes (Fang et al., 2012).