AGT and cardiac hypertrophy: Increasing evidence demonstrates that adverse stimuli including pressure overload, isoproterenol, deoxycortone acetate/salt, and Ang II increase the catalytic activity and expression of the immunoproteasome, leading to cardiac hypertrophy and AF (Depre et al., 2006; Drews et al., 2010; Li et al., 2015; Yan et al., 2017).