Of note, our recent studies have demonstrated that PTEN plays a role in Ang II-induced AF and atrial structural remodeling by ameliorating AKT1 and downstream signaling mediators (TGF-β1-Smad2/3, NF-κB, and Cx43) (Li et al., 2018, 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to atrial fibrillation.