TRPV1 and colitis: Together with the finding that Il17a and Th17-ploarizing cytokines (Il1β, Il6, and Il23) were significantly upregulated in the inflamed colon of Trpv1G564S+/+ mice (Figure 1E), our results suggested that TRPV1 gain of function influences colonic CD4+ T cell homeostasis and appears to promote Th17 differentiation and consequently exacerbate colitis.