EDN1 and cardiac hypertrophy: ET-1 plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac growth, myocardial contractility, and hemodynamics, and also leads to pathological myocardial hypertrophy by activating phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks)/Akt pathway related to myocardial contractility and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) pathway related to cell hypertrophy (Drawnel et al., 2013; Takano et al., 2020).