MMP2 and cancer: PTTG1 has been shown to transcriptionally activate expression of a wide range of target genes, including c-Myc, FGF-2, cyclin D3, p21, and MMP-2, most of which are critically involved in cancer proliferation and metastasis (Espina et al., 2009; Tong and Eigler, 2009; Reeves et al., 2012).