INS and dementia: The observed association of the amino acid (valine, leucine, and isoleucine) pathway with short-term memory is consistent with previous research demonstrating that branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were associated with dementia (Tynkkynen et al., 2018) and metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance and diabetes (Roberts et al., 2014), both of which have been linked to cognitive impairment (Ma et al., 2015) and AD (Arnold et al., 2018).