In NSCLC patients, PD-L1 expression on tumour cells is a potential predictor of PD-1 blockade, but PD-L1 expression in LCNEC patients was lower than in patients with other types of NSCLC55–57 and reliable predictive markers of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy are lacking in LCNEC patients. This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and neoplasm.