These include: (1) the perception that each individual amino acid residue may have an important role and that no single active conformation exists; (2) specific to AMPs that access the bacterial cytoplasm, better models of bacterial plasma membrane translocation concomitant with, or in the absence of, permeabilization; (3) determining what features of a given infection setting are reproduced by each in vitro assay and; (4) the concept that exogenous AMPs are unlikely to act in isolation and may act in synergy with the host innate immune system (and also clinically relevant antibiotics). Here, ADSL is linked to infection.