In the KEGG pathway analysis, both tobacco-flavored and menthol-flavored e-liquid exposure was associated with genes that are related to bladder cancer: CXCL8, HBEGF, CDKN2A, FGFR3, THBS1, CDK4, MYC, TYMP, MMP9, and MMP1. Here, CDK4 is linked to urinary bladder cancer.