However, the only potent, safe and well-characterised pharmacological activators of Nrf2 currently approved for human use are the fumaric acid esters: monomethylfumarate (MMF), dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and the MMF pro-drug formulation, diroximel fumarate (DRF), for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) indication; oltipraz, for schistosomiasis indication; and ursodiol, for primary biliary cirrhosis indication. This evidence concerns the gene NFE2L2 and primary biliary cholangitis.