Importantly, in human leiomyomas, most of these signaling pathways, such as upregulation of mTOR, TGFB1 and CTNNB1 pathway46,47, deregulation of IGF-1 signaling in human uterine leiomyoma48,49 and inflammatory process involving TNF signaling50,51 have been reported. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and leiomyoma.