Besides the role of CALR on the initiation of adaptive T-cell-mediated immunity downstream of ICD, we have recently demonstrated that CALR spontaneously exposed on the surface of malignant blasts from acute myeloid leukemia patients is associated with improved innate immunity as a consequence of improved interleukin 15 (IL15) trans-presentation to natural killer (NK) cells98,99. Here, CALR is linked to acute myeloid leukemia.