RELA and cancer: Consistent with our findings, Peng et al reported that PTX and gemcitabine can upregulate PD-L1 gene expression in ovarian cancer cells via increasing cellular NF-κB p65 protein, which fosters consequently an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer.59 Together our results indicate that NF-κB can exert its transactivation function to activate PD-L1 gene expression in cancer cells, while the mechanism of action of chemotherapeutic agents in the induction of NF-κB signaling could be variant and dependent on specific cellular contexts.