HP and malaria: These episodes of ongoing or recent (past 24 h) febrile illness, that were accompanied by P. falciparum infection, were included in the final multivariate negative binomial regression model to determine the extent to which they were affected by the haptoglobin genotype after adjusting for other independent determinants of malaria incidence identified in an earlier study in the same children’s cohort [19]; namely age, malaria history, and ITN use.